Alchagirov B.B., Kyasova O.Kh.
Kabardino-Balkaria State University name after H.M. Berbekov, Nalchik, Russia
To successfully solve the actual problem of searching and studying the thermophysical properties of materials suitable for the development and creation of a new generation of liquid metal coolants, the alloys of a number of p-metals of the periodic system of D. Mendeleev elements with the participation of alkali metals are most interesting. In particular, tin-sodium melts are also considered promising coolants for nuclear reactors, developing and creating new energy-intensive chemical current sources and safer miniature batteries — analogs of lithium batteries, etc. along with the well-known lead-lithium eutectic melt. However, many thermophysical and physicochemical properties of tin-sodium system alloys are poorly understood, making it difficult to analyze the prospects for their use. The paper critically reviewed the results of theoretical and experimental studies of the surface tension of tin-sodium system alloys, including the original experimental data of the authors, available in the literature. It is shown that experimental data on the isotherm of the ST of the Sn-Na system have been obtained only in two studies to date, and only for a narrow range of alloy compositions with a content of 0 to 5 at. % Na in tin, according to which sodium in its low content in melts with tin, it exhibits a rather high surface activity. Theoretical calculations of the Sn-Na surface tension isotherm have also been performed in several studies that predict the existence of two features in the form of a minimum and a maximum on the ST isotherm. Unfortunately, it is not yet possible to judge unambiguously about the reliability of the presence anomalies on the ST-isotherms of the Sn-Na system because of the total lack of experimental data on the ST alloys of this tin-sodium system in the full concentration range of the compositions. Thus, the current state of research on the temperature and concentration dependences of the surface tension of alloys of the tin sodium system should be considered unsatisfac-tory in qualitative and quantitative terms.
1. Drits M.E., Zusman L.L. Splavy shchelochnykh I shchelochnozemel’nykh metallov [Alloys of Alkali and AlkalineeEarth Metals]. Moscow, Metallurgiya Publ., 1986. 248 p.
2. Bystrov P.I., Kagan D.N., Krechetova G.A., Shpil'rayn E.E. Zhidkometallicheskiye teplonositeli teplovykh trub i energeticheskikh ustanovok [Liquid metal coolants of heat pipes and power plants]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1988. 283 p.
3. Alchagirov B.B., Khokonov Kh.B. Shchelochnye metally i splavy s ikh uchastiem — perspektivnye materialy sovremennoy tekhniki i energetiki [Alkali metals and alloys with their participation are promising materials of modern technology and energy]. Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria State University Publ., 1998. 40 p.
4. Kirillov P.L., Terent'yeva M.I., Deniskina N.B. Teplofizicheskiye svoystva yadernoy tekhniki [Thermophysical properties of nuclear technology]. Moscow, IzdAT Publ., 2007. 200 p.
5. Sobolev V. Database of thermophysical properties of liquid metal coolants for GEN-IV. Mol, Belgium, SCK-CEN, BLG-1069, 2011. 175 p.
6. Nizhenko V.I., Floka L.I. Poverkhnostnoe natyazhenie zhidkikh metallov i splavov [Surface tension of liquid metals and alloys]. Moscow, Metallurgiya Publ., 1981. 208 p.
7. Alchagirov B.B., Arkhestov R.Kh., Dyshekova F.F., Taova T.M. Poverkhnostnoe natyazhenie splavov s uchastiem shchelochnykh metallov [Surface Tension of Alloys with Additives of Alkali Metals]. Teplofizika vysokikh temperature - High Temperature, 2013, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 183.
8. Subbotin V.I., Arnol'dov M.N., Kozlov F.A., Shimkevich A.L. Zhidkometallicheskiye teplonositeli dlya yadernoy energetiki [Liquid metal coolants for nuclear energy]. Atomnaya energiya - Atomic Energy, 2002, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 31.
9. Alekseev P.N., Shimkevich A.L. Tselesoobraznost' evtekticheskoy modifikatsii zhidkometallicheskikh teplonositeley [Expediency of eutectic modification of liquid metal coolants]. Ezhemesyachnyy teoreticheskiy i nauchno-tekhnicheskiy zhurnal po atomnoy energii “Rosatom”, yadernoye obshchestvo Rossii i rossiyskoy akademii nauk - The monthly theoretical and scientific-technical journal of the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom, the nuclear society of Russia and the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2015, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 178.
10. Zasorin I.I., Loginov N.I., Mikheev A.S., Morozov A.V., Morozov V.A., Pletenets S.S., Tikho-mirov A.A. Issledovaniye svoystv splava natriy-svinets s tsel'yu vybora sostava pozharobezopasnogo teplonositelya [The study of the properties of the sodium-lead alloy in order to select the composition of the fireproof coolant]. Voprosy atomnoy nauki i tekhniki. Seriya: Fizika yadernykh reaktorov - Problems of atomic science and technology. Series: Physics of Nuclear Reactors, 2008, no. 4, pp. 72.
11. Fang Q., Wendt H. Performance and thermodynamic properties of Na—Sn and Na—Pb molten alloy electrodes for alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC). Journal of applied electrochemistry, 1996, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 343.
12. Alblas B.P., Van der Lugt W., Dijkstra J., Geertsma W., Van Dijk C. Structure of liquid Na—Sn alloys. Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics, 1983, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 2465.
13. Jha I.S., Adhikari D., Singha B.P. Structural and energetic anomaly in liquid Na—Sn alloys. Physics and Chemistry of Liquids, 2012, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 199.
14. Anusionwu B.C. Surface properties of some sodium-based binary liquid alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2003, vol. 359, no. 1—2, pp. 172.
15. Jain K.C., Gupta N., Saxena N.S. Transport properties in liquid metal binary alloys. Physica status solidi (b), 1993, vol. 178, no. 1, pp. 109.
16. Davis H.T., Rice S.A., Sengers J.V. On the Kinetic Theory of Dense Fluids. IX. The Fluid of Rigid Spheres with a Square-Well Attraction. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1961, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 2210.
17. Pokrovsky N.L., Galanina N.D. Svoystva metallicheskikh rastvorov: Poverkhnostnoye natyazheniye olova i olovyanno-natriyevykh splavov [Properties of metallic solutions: Surface tension of tin and sodium-sodium alloys]. Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii - Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1949, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 324.
18. Alchagirov B.B., Kyasova O.Kh., Uzdenova A.N., Khibiev A.Kh. Concentration dependence of sodium alloys based on tin surface tension. Proc. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Ufa, Russia, 2018, vol. 347, no. 1, pp. 012052.
19. Sangster J., Bale C.W. The Na-Sn (sodium-tin) system. Journal of Phase Equilibria, 1998, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 76.
20. Zadumkin S.N., Pastukhova Zh.P., Rakhshtad A.G., Thagapsoev Kh.G. O svyazi mezhdu obshcheprinyatym staticheskim momentom atomatsii elementa v yego tverdom sostoyanii v dvukhkomponentnykh sistemakh v tverdom sostoyanii [On the connection between the generalized static moment of an atom of an element and its adsorption in two-component systems in a solid state]. Fizika i khimiya obrabotki materialov - Physics and chemistry of processing materials, 1970, no. 4, pp. 132.
21. Nizhenko V.I. Primeneniye kriteriyev poverkhnostnoy aktivnosti k otsenke nadezhnosti dannykh o poverkhnostnom natyazhenii binarnykh metallicheskikh rasplavov [Application of surface activity criteria to assessing the reliability of data on the surface tension of binary metallic melts]. Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 1988. 248 p.
22. Kononenko V.I., Shevchenko V.G., Torokin V.V., Konyukova A.V. Vliyaniye malykh dobavok metallov I-VIII grupp na poverkhnostnoye natyazheniye alyuminiya i galliya [The effect of small additions of metals of the I-VIII groups on the surface tension of aluminum and gallium]. Metals, 2005, no. 3, pp. 20.
23. Keene B.J. Review of data for the surface tension of pure metals. International Materials Reviews, 1993, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 157.
24. Popel S.I. Surface Phenomena in Melts [Surface phenomena in melts]. Moscow, Metallurgiya Publ., 1994. 440 p.
25. Alchagirov A.B., Alchagirov B.B., Taova T.M., Khokonov Kh.B. Surface energy and surface tension of solid and liquid metals: Recommended values. Transactions of JWRI, 2001, vol. 30, special issue, pp. 287.
26. Iida T. The Physical Properties of Liquid Metals. Oxford, Clarendon Press Publ., 1993.
27. Rusanov A.I., Prokhorov V.A. Interfacial Tensimetry [Interfacial tensiometry]. St. Petersburg, Khimiya Publ., 1994. 400 p.
28. Gancarz T., Gasior W. The effects of Na addition on the density, surface tension and viscosity of liquid Sn—Zn alloys. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2016, vol. 418, pp. 57.
29. Alchagirov B.B., Karamurzov B.S., Taova T.M., Khokonov Kh.B. Plotnost' i poverkhnostnye svoystva shchelochnykh metallov i legkoplavkikh metallov [Density and surface properties of alkali metals and low-melting metals]. Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria State University Publ., 2011. 214 p.
30. Alchagirov B.B., Dadashev R.Kh. Metod bol'shoy kapli dlya opredeleniya plotnosti i poverkhnostnogo natyazheniya metallov i splavov [Big Drop Method for Determination of Density and Surface Tension of Metals and Alloys]. Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria State University Publ., 2000. 94 p.
31. Alchagirov B.B. A.S. no. 1469318 (USSR). Ustroystvo dlya opredeleniya poverkhnostnogo natyazheniya zhidkikh shchelochnykh metallov i ikh splavov [Device for determining the surface tension of liquid alkali metals and their alloys]. Byulleten' izobreteniy - Bulletin of inventions, 1989, no. 12, pp. 188.
32. Prokhorenko S.V. Struktura i fizicheskiye svoystva okoloevtekticheskikh litiyevykh rasplavov. Diss. kand. fiz.-mat. nauk [Structure and physical properties of near-eutectic lithium melts. Cand. phys.-mat. sci. diss.]. Lvov, LGU im. I. Franko, 1996. 18 p.
33. Baum B.A., Tyagunov G.V., Baryshev E.E., Tsepelev V.S. Ravnovesnyye i neravnovesnyye sostoyaniya metallicheskikh rasplavov [Equilibrium and non-equilibrium states of metallic melts]. Moscow, Akademkniga Publ., 2002. 469 p.
34. Alchagirov B.B., Dyshekova F.F., Kokov Z.A. Avtomatizirovannaya eksperimental'naya ustanovka dlya opredeleniya bystrykh izmeneniy poverkhnostnogo natyazheniya zhidkometallicheskikh rasplavov i krayevykh uglov [Automated experimental setup for determining rapid changes in surface tension of liquid metal melts and wetting angles of solid surfaces]. Pribory — Devices, 2017, no. 2(200), pp. 18.
35. Alchagirov B.B. Poverkhnostnoye natyazheniye shchelochnykh metallov i splavov s ikh uchastiyem [Surface tension of alkali metals and alloys with their participation]. Moscow, IVTAN Publ., 1991, no. 3—4(89—90). 180 p.
36. Alchagirov B.B. Arkhestov R.Kh. Temperaturnaya zavisimost' poverkhnostnogo natyazheniya natriya, kaliya, rubidiya i tseziya [Temperature dependence of the surface tension of sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium]. Izv. SKNTsVSh, Ser. Estestv. Nauki - News SKNTSVSh. Ser. Estest. Science, 1991, no. 2, pp. 60.
37. Allen B.C. Handbook of the Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publ., 1985. 691 p.
38. Ellis L.D., Hatchard T.D., Obrovac M.N. Reversible insertion of sodium in tin. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2012, vol. 159, no. 11, pp. A1801.
39. Aleksandrov B.N., Dalakova H.B. Rastvorimost' razlichnykh metallov v tverdykh natriyakh i kaliya [Solubility of various metals in solid sodium and potassium]. Izv. AN SSSR. Metally - Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Metals, 1982, no. 1, pp. 133.
40. Muller W., Volk K. Die Struktur des β-NaSn/The Crystal Structure of ?-NaSn. Z. Naturloschung B, 1997, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 709.
41. Kaplun A.B. O prichinakh anomaliy fizicheskikh svoystv metallicheskikh rasplavov [On the causes of the anomalies of the physical properties of metal melts]. Izvestiya vuzov. Chernaya metallurgiya - News of universities. Ferrous metallurgy, 1985, no. 7, pp. 30.
42. Maze C., Burnet G. Estimation of non-equilibrium surface tension Estimation of non-equilibrium surface tension. Surface of Science, 1971, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 411.
43. Ayyad A., Aqra F. Theoretical consideration of the anomalous temperature dependence of the surface tension of pure liquid gallium. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, 2010, vol. 127, no. 5—6, pp. 443.
44. Alchagirov B.B., Zadumkin S.N., Kokov M.B., Unezhev B.Kh., Khokonov Kh.B. O temperaturnoy zavisimosti poverkhnostnogo natyazheniya metallov [On the temperature dependence of the surface tension of metals]. Izv. AN SSSR. Metally - Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Metals, 1979, no. 3, pp. 81.
45. Baum B.A., Klimenkov E.A., Tyagunov G.V., Bazin Yu.A. O prirode anomaliy na politermakh svoystv metallicheskikh rasplavov [On the nature of anomalies on the polytherms of the properties of metal melts]. Izvestiya vuzov. Chernaya metallurgiya - News of universities. Ferrous metallurgy, 1984, vol. 11, pp. 54.
46. Gubenko A.Ya., Shotaev A.N., Ermanchenkov V.A. Vliyaniye strukturnykh prevrashcheniy v rasplave na yego poverkhnostnoye natyazheniye [The influence of structural transformations in the melt on its surface tension]. Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 1982, no. 9, pp. 47.
